Translation is the act of translating. To translate means to change from one language to another, to change into another medium or form: to translate ideas into action, to interpret, to transfer, to change, to transform a chance or alteration to a different substance, form or appearance. Translation is the act or process of rendering what is expressed in one language or set of symbols by means of another language or set of symbols. According to Malcom Cowley, translation is an act that involves the re-creation of a work in another language form reader with a different background.
Definition and Types:
The translation can be defined as the replacement of textual material in one ( i.e source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (i.e target language).
Intellectual tools employed in translation:
Translation is an interesting exercise. It is something technical and various tools are used for it treatment. The intellectual tools, given below might not be directly related to class room translation work, but it is always useful to have the knowledge of technicalities used in this field.
Knowledge of the source language:
At the time of translation one should be aware of all aspects of it that are represented in the text for translation, and be able to render them by appropriate choice of words, word order and punctuation, some relevant abilities he should possess are:
The recognition of words and their characteristics, as lexical unit, including the variety of meaning possessed by a word.
An appreciation of the level of style indicated by the choice of particular words.
An awareness that words in different language may more or less correspond while not being exactly equivalent.
An understanding of the grammatical structure of the source language adequate to identity the inflected (non dictionary) form of words and their implication for the meaning, to draw conclusions from agreement or otherwise in gender, number and case and to understand the abnormal words order in converting emphasis.
Sufficient familiarity with life in the country or countries where the language is spoken to be able to grasp any allusions in the text which are not fully explained there, because of being familiar to most readers of the source language.
The recognition of words and their characteristics, as lexical unit, including the variety of meaning possessed by a word.
An appreciation of the level of style indicated by the choice of particular words.
An awareness that words in different language may more or less correspond while not being exactly equivalent.
An understanding of the grammatical structure of the source language adequate to identity the inflected (non dictionary) form of words and their implication for the meaning, to draw conclusions from agreement or otherwise in gender, number and case and to understand the abnormal words order in converting emphasis.
Sufficient familiarity with life in the country or countries where the language is spoken to be able to grasp any allusions in the text which are not fully explained there, because of being familiar to most readers of the source language.
Knowledge of the target language:
The target language that is the language into which the document is to be translated is normally one that the translator has first learned unconsciously. Some relevant abilities required of the translator are:
The proper choice of words, the recognition of distinctions in meaning between nearly, synonymous terms or terms of similar appearance, the difference in the field of usage over the whole range from very technical to entirely non technical the ability to use the right form of inflection of noun, adjective and verbs; and indeed the ability to know which of these parts of speech is the best choice in the given context. The translator’s function is to carry over ideas and not just the words used to express them.
The proper choice of word order; the recognition of the differences in emphasis resulting from a change in punctuation marks used.
The proper choice of punctuation; the recognition of the differences in emphasis resulting from a change in punctuation marks used.
Knowledge of the type of language appropriate to particular type of documents, such as patents, publicity material and ability to compile a translation text in accordance with it.
Quick retrieval of items from one’s stored mass of information about the target language, without having hesitation to organize.
Adequate fluency and correctness of expression.
The proper choice of words, the recognition of distinctions in meaning between nearly, synonymous terms or terms of similar appearance, the difference in the field of usage over the whole range from very technical to entirely non technical the ability to use the right form of inflection of noun, adjective and verbs; and indeed the ability to know which of these parts of speech is the best choice in the given context. The translator’s function is to carry over ideas and not just the words used to express them.
The proper choice of word order; the recognition of the differences in emphasis resulting from a change in punctuation marks used.
The proper choice of punctuation; the recognition of the differences in emphasis resulting from a change in punctuation marks used.
Knowledge of the type of language appropriate to particular type of documents, such as patents, publicity material and ability to compile a translation text in accordance with it.
Quick retrieval of items from one’s stored mass of information about the target language, without having hesitation to organize.
Adequate fluency and correctness of expression.
Knowledge of the subject:
A competent translator must have acquired knowledge of the subject within which the translation job falls. He should understand the meaning of the texts and should be familiar with the subject. He should have the lively interest in the subject to be dealt with.
The consulting of dictionaries, encyclopedias, text books and so on, will be much more efficient it the translator has a command of the subject that enables him to go expertly through the pages.
The test is not just a string of words to be manipulated in accordance with the rules of the game; it is the expression of the actual though and ideas by writer whose aim was to convey a message to other, and this is what the translator too much seek to do.
Applying one’s knowledge:
The translator should contemplate the source language text both as a whole and in detail so as to establish what difficulties the job will present and how they can best be resolved. It is better to identify problems and solve them before beginning to work. The translation should be accurate to the extent required by the user of it. The topics relevant to accuracy are:
The correct choice of technical term.
Care in ensuring the avoidance of accidental omissions or insertions which would alter the meaning.
Care in noticing ambiguities and resolving them in accordance with the original author’s intentions.
Care in noticing repetitive passages and avoiding meaningless variations in their wording in the translation.
Care in noticing a writer’s mixing expressions and treating them appropriately.
Care in noticing definite or possible errors in the source language text.
Capabilities: Some translators possess a number of innate capabilities. There is natural aptitude or flair for translating, for example the ability to think of an equivalent proverb, or the capacity to make a discerning choice among alternative renderings that present themselves. Other capabilities are possession of a good memory and concentration, to prevent oversights. The translator also benefits from having affair degree of patience, composure and tolerance. Every translator can acquired these capabilities by noticing how problems arise and are dealt with.
The consulting of dictionaries, encyclopedias, text books and so on, will be much more efficient it the translator has a command of the subject that enables him to go expertly through the pages.
The test is not just a string of words to be manipulated in accordance with the rules of the game; it is the expression of the actual though and ideas by writer whose aim was to convey a message to other, and this is what the translator too much seek to do.
Applying one’s knowledge:
The translator should contemplate the source language text both as a whole and in detail so as to establish what difficulties the job will present and how they can best be resolved. It is better to identify problems and solve them before beginning to work. The translation should be accurate to the extent required by the user of it. The topics relevant to accuracy are:
The correct choice of technical term.
Care in ensuring the avoidance of accidental omissions or insertions which would alter the meaning.
Care in noticing ambiguities and resolving them in accordance with the original author’s intentions.
Care in noticing repetitive passages and avoiding meaningless variations in their wording in the translation.
Care in noticing a writer’s mixing expressions and treating them appropriately.
Care in noticing definite or possible errors in the source language text.
Capabilities: Some translators possess a number of innate capabilities. There is natural aptitude or flair for translating, for example the ability to think of an equivalent proverb, or the capacity to make a discerning choice among alternative renderings that present themselves. Other capabilities are possession of a good memory and concentration, to prevent oversights. The translator also benefits from having affair degree of patience, composure and tolerance. Every translator can acquired these capabilities by noticing how problems arise and are dealt with.
0 comments:
Post a Comment